Types of Networks

1. Terminal
There are five types of terminal and keyboard is a common terminal and the most popular. 

• Keyboard input terminal is a terminal that is very popular among computer users. Users can use the keyboard mengentri data, provide specific instructions to publish reports and so on. 
• Telephone Terminal keys: the computer can also be equipped with audio response. Can send messages that can be heard by the user on the telephone keypad. Key presses are used to transmit data and instructions into the computer. 
• Point of sale terminal (point of sale) We can also see how the optical character reader used in the supermarket. This terminal provides a way of entering transaction data into the database at the time penjuala (point of sale). For this reason the terminal is called the terminal point of sale (POS) 
• Terminal Data Collector. A special type of terminal is designed for use by factory workers. Device known as a data collection terminal (data collection terminal) used to collect data, identifies employee attendance and job performance. OCR tool used to read characters and document that accompanies the work that goes on in the factory. 
• Special terminal is a terminal that is designed specifically for certain keperlua such as cash registers equipped with special buttons. One button for one type of seller

2.NIC (Network Interface Card)

Network cards installed on each computer that will be connected to a computer network nic. Many types and brands of network cards are available in the market, but some basic things you need to know which type of network card is ISA or PCI card with a speed of 10 or 10/100 Mbps, must be tailored to the type of Ethernet switching HUB or to be used, the type of protocol and cable types it supports as it also ruled out quality products. New kind of computer is not equipped with even ISA slots onboard Network Interface is generally a system that is already available on the mainboard so no need to be installed LAN Card

In accordance with the level of demand for computer networks, many new types of computer mainboard equipped with a network card on board. Good quality, but the author believes is better to use a separate network card. One advantage is that it can choose a specific brand and easily replaced if damage occurs.

3.Hub or Concentrator
Hub is a network device that consists of many ports for connecting a Node or point-and hup-switch.jpgsehingga form networks that are connected in a star topology. If the number of ports available is not sufficient to connect all computers to be connected into a single network can be used several hubs connected in up-link.

Ports are available usually until 8, 16, 24 or more to suit your needs. For speed, you can use a HUB or Switch 10 10/100. We recommend using 10/100 because it can be used for network speed up to 10 or 100. There Hub which supports the use of coaxial cable and UTP support their BUS topology that supports the STAR topology. But the latest type tend to only provide support for the use of UTP cabling.

4.Konektor UTP (RJ-45)
RJ45. UTP cable required to connect the RJ-45 jack or similar that looks similar to a phone jack cable but has more holes in the cable. The connector is mounted at both ends of the cable with pliers special equipment UTP. But if you can not install it, you can ask at the time of purchase as well as installation of UTP cables

5.Kabel UTP
There are several types of cables used in the line network, but the most widely used in private network / Local Area Network today is the UTP cable.

6.Bridge
Bridge is used to link between networks that have the same protocol. The end result is a single logical network. Bridge can also use the network that have different physical media. Tissue samples using a fiber network using obtik with coacial.

Bridge study destination address and directs traffic to pass through to the destination. Also used to insulate the network. If network traffic is slowed by the presence of full then the network can be divided into two smaller unit.

7.Switch
Bridge is a development of the concept. There are two basic architectures used on the switch, the cut-through and store and forward. Cut-through switches have advantages in terms of speed because when a packet comes, the switch is only concerned with the destination address before being forwarded to tijuannya segment, while the switch store and forward is the opposite. These switches receive and inspect the entire contents of the package before it passes into the goal and to check the package needs the time, but this process allows the switch aware of the damage and prevent the data packets so as not to disrupt the network.

By Swith there are several advantages for all segments of the network has a bandwidth of 10 Mbps full. Such undivided share in the use of the Hub network.

8.Cluster Control Unit
Cluster Control Unit establish a relationship between the terminal-controlled with equipment and network equipment. This tool allows multiple terminals to share a printer or access some of the different computers over a network. Cluster Control Unit can also do error checking and changing the code.

9.Multiplexer
When a terminal must share a single channel at the same time, the multiplexer can be added at each end. Multiplexer is a device that allows sending and receiving of multiple messages simultaneously. The addition of such an impact alter multiplexer one lane road becomes a freeway with multiple lanes. Setting port numbers and protocols that send data at the correct software module within the host.

10.Front-end Processor
Front-end Processor handles the computer network traffic in and out of the host computer. Both of these computers can be of any type, but the general configuration consists of a special kind of a mini computer that serves as a front-end processor and a host mainframe.

Front-end Processor serves as input from the host unit to collect the messages that come in and prepare the data for the host. Front-end processor also functions as a unit with the output from the host to receive messages for transmission to the terminal.

Although the transmission speed between the channel and the front end processor is relatively slow (in most cases the bits are transmitted serially) tarnsmisi speed front-end processor with a host can take place quickly (a few bits are transmitted in parallel).

Most of the front-end processor do message switching by setting the route (routing) messages from one terminal to another without involving the host. If for some reason the receiver can not receive a message (perhaps Whereas, used or damaged) front-end processor can store the message in the secondary storage and send it later. This capability is called store and forward (store and forward).

 

11. Host
Host data processing work for the network. Incoming messages are handled the same way with the data received from the unit in any type of unit. After processing the message can be transmitted back to the front-end processor for routing.

12.Router
Routers do not have the ability to learn, but can specify the path (flow) data between the two networks are most efficient at. Routers operate at the Network layer (OSI layer three.). Routers do not care about the topology and the level used by the network acces. Because it operates at the network layer. He is not hindered by the media or communications protocol. Bridge can know the final destination of data packets, Router only knows where the next router is placed. It can be used to connect networks that use the same high level protocol.

If a data packet arrives at the router, it determines the best route for packets to conduct checks on the router table. He only saw only see the packets sent to it by the previous router.

13.Brouter
Is a technology that combines bridge and router. In fact, often incorrectly referred to as multi protocol router. Although in reality it is more complicated than the so-called true multi protocol router.

14.Getway
Gateway is equipped with 6 or 7 layers of the OSI protocol support arrangement. Gateway is a method of network connection to the network and network to host the most advanced. Gateway can be used to connect networks that have different architectures such as PC based Novell SNA network or Ethernet

15.Modem
The only time is when the modem is not required to use the telephone as a terminal. All other computer network channels requires a modem at each end. Modem is designed to operate at a certain speed is usually 300, 1200, 2400, 4800 or 96 000 bits per second and so on modem speed determines the speed of data transmission.

ADSL is a type of modem to use high speed internet accses. Generally ADSL modem is an integration of the modem, firewall and ethernet switches and routers, and possibly also with transiever. ADSL modem working on a different frequency to the frequency used in conversation, so telephon telephon lines can be used to percapapan conjunction with the use of data transmission via the ADSL modem.

16.Radio
Data transmission is also done through radio frequency as the banking network digunalan, Travel, cafe. This equipment is still dominated by public service providers (providers) such as the PT Lintas Artha, Indosat, Telkomsel. Fren. For smaller scope for making available werless local network without wires. For example, the ADSL modem router comes with werless can be used for local networks in the room. Only werles ability can not be disturbed by the partition or partitions mainly concrete. so it is not effectively used for local network of an enterprise in which the client computer in confined spaces scattered.

This information can I give, may be beneficial to you. Do not forget to criticism and suggestions.

Creating a Network Equipment

Equipment used in making a network

To create a network either a LAN that is connected to the internet or not, is certainly very necessary a tool Like the: crimping tool and a screwdriver or tools to be the principal element of such sebuahjaringan, Conektor, LAN cards, switches, Modem, and Internet network so on.

The tools used RJ45 crimping tool

1. Crimping tool is a tool made ​​specifically for skin ripped out the cable, cut the twisted pair, as well as positioning and locking connector with twisted pair UTP.

2. Plus screwdriver is also a stone tool that serves to open or lock bolt in the case

3. Insulating tape and Tulia tool used to write numbers or marks are used in order to make or do not bother plugging in cables especially in networks that make quite a lot so our work is not hampered and quickly done.

This information can I provide may be useful do not forget the criticisms and suggestions

OSI Layer

Open System interconnection (OSI) Layer adalah suatu standard yang umum digunakan dalam jaringan. Model OSI Layer menjelaskan bagaimana informasi bergerak dari satu komputer ke komputer lain melintasi media jaringan?.

OSI Layer terdiri dari 7 layer (lapisan) konseptual. Masing-masing layer adalah suatu “kelompok” tugas yang lebih kecil dari skema besar. Pembagian ini tentu saja menyebabkan pembagian kerja yang lebih jelas dan juga lebih praktis sehingga setiap instrumen dapat dengan mudah dikelola. Pembagian ketujuh layer tersebut dilihat dari aliran data saat pengiriman dan penerimaan data, yaitu : 

1. Physical : Sebagai Perantara data untuk disampaikan kepada si penerima, tentunya dalam bentuk bits. 
2. Data Link : Paket Data diberi tambahan physical address.
3. Network : Menyediakan pengalamatan secara logika ; memilihkan jalur atau rute tercepat. 
4. Transport : Bertujuan untuk mengsegmentasi data dan juga untuk menyatukan kembali data yang tadi sudah disegmentasi.
5. Session : Menjaga agar data-data yang berada pada masing-masing aplikasi tetap terpisah.
6. Presentation : Menyajikan data, mengkonvert data, dan menangani proses seperti enkripsi.
7. Application : Layer ini bertujuan untuk menyediakan interface yang dibutuhkan oleh si pengirim.

Network topology

Network topology

The purpose of a network is to connect the networks that already exist in the network so that information can be transferred from one location to another lokawi. Because the company divulging memuliki want or need different then there are various ways a network can be connected terminals. Geometric structure is called a LAN Topologies.

There are 6 types of topology, namely:

1. Bus
2. Ring
3.  Star
4.  Extended Star
5. hierarchical topology
6. Mesh

Each topology has different characteristics berdeda and each also has its advantages and disadvantages. Topology does not depend on the medium and each topology typically uses the following media:

The types of media are:

1. Twisted Pair
2. Coaxial Cable
3. Optical Cable
4. Wireless

Topology is divided into two types: Physical Topology and Logical Topology. Below are the types of Physical Topology.

A.Topology Bus atau Daisy Chain 

This topology has the following characteristics:

1. is that both ends of the wires was closed, where all the wires are the nodes
2. commonly used for simple installation 
3. signal through the cable in two directions and possible collision 
4. The biggest problem when the cable broke. If one of the broken cable segment, then the entire network to a halt.

B.Topology Ring
This topology mempuyai following characteristics:
 

1. closed loop that contains the node-node 
2. simple in layout
3. signal flow in one direction, so as to avoid a collision (two mixed data
4. packets), thus enabling fast data movement and collision detection is much simpler 
5. problem: the same as the bus topology 
6. ring topology is usually not prepared physically but realized with a consentrator and look like a star topology

C.Topology Star

This topology has the following characteristics:

1. each node communicates directly with the central node, the data traffic flowing from node to the central node and back again.
2. easily developed, since each node only has a cable that directly connects to the central node.
3. advantages if one cable is disconnected the other nodes are not disturbed.
4. cable can be used to "lower grade" because only handle a single node traffic, typically used UTP cables

D. Topology Extended Star

Extended Star topology is the continued development of the star topology in which the characteristics are not much different from the star topology, namely:

1. Each node communicates directly with the sub-node, while the sub nodes to communicate with the central node. the data traffic flowing from node to node and then forwarded to the sub-central node and back again.
2. Used on large networks and require a lot of liaison or exceeds the maximum capacity of a liaison.
3. advantage: if one node is lost then the sub cable sub node that others are not disturbed, but if the central node is lost then all the nodes in each sub-node will be disconnected 
4. can not use the cable that "lower grade" because only handle a single node traffic, because to communicate between one node to another node takes several hops.

E. Topology hierarchical

This topology is commonly referred to as topolodi tree. Built by extended star topology as a sub node is connected through a single central node. This topology can support both baseband and broadband signaling and also supports both contention and token bus access.

F. Topology Mesh
MESH topology constructed by placing a link between atation-station. A 'fully-connected mesh' is sebauh network where each terminal is connected directly to all other terminals. Usually used on smaller computer networks. This topology is theoretically possible but not practical, and cost is high enough to be implemented. Mesh topology has a high level of redundancy. So if there is a link that is broken then the station can find another link.

Class distribution of IP Address and Subnetting

* Understanding

IP address is used as the address in the relationship between hosts on the internet so it is a universal communication system as a method of addressing that has been accepted worldwide. By determining the IP address means that we have provided a universal identity for each interadce computer. If a computer has more than one interface (eg using two ethernet) then we must give two IP addresses for each computer for each interface.

* Writing Format IP Address

IP addresses consist of 32-bit binary numbers separated by a dot every eight bitnya. Every 8 bits is referred to as octets. IP address form can be written as follows:

xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx

So the IP address has a range of 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 to 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111. IP address with the notation as a binary number is hard to use, so often written in the fourth decimal, each separated by 4 pieces of a point known as "dotted decimal notation". Each decimal number represents the value of one octet IP address. Example of an IP address in relation binary and decimal format:

* Division of IP Address Class

The number of available IP addresses is theoretically 255x255x255x255

or about 4 billion more to be distributed to the entire Internet network users worldwide. The division of these classes are intended to facilitate the allocation of IP addresses, both for host / network or to certain specific purposes.

Addresses can be separated into two parts, namely the network (net

ID) and the host (host ID). Net ID instrumental in the identification of a network from another network, while the host ID serves to identify the host within a network. Thus, all hosts connected to the same network have the same net ID. Much of the early bits of the IP Address is the network bit / network number, while the rest is for the host. The dividing line between the network and the host is not fixed, depending on the class network. IP address is divided into five classes, namely class A, class B, class C, class D and class E. Differences of each class is the size and number. For example class A IP network is used by few but the number of hosts that can be accommodated by each of the network is very large. Class D and E are not used in general, a class D is used for network multicast and class E for experimental keprluan. Internet Protocol software to determine the distribution of these types of classes to test some of the first bits of the IP Address. Grading is done in the following ways:

* The first bit of class A IP address is 0, with a length of 8 bit net ID and host ID 24 bits long. So the first byte of the IP address class A has a range of 0-127. So there are 127 in class A network with each network can accommodate about 16 million hosts (255x255x255). IP address assigned to the class A network with a very large number of hosts, the IP of this class can be depicted in the figure below:

* Two bits of a class B IP address is always set to 10 so that the first byte is always worth between 128-191. Network ID is 16 bits and 16 bits of the first remainder is the host ID, so if there is a computer having IP address 192.168.26.161, network ID and host ID = 192 168 = 26 161. On. Class B IP address has a range of IP 128.0.xxx.xxx to 191.155.xxx.xxx, which amounted to 65 255 network by the number of hosts per network host 255 x 255 or about 65 thousand hosts.

* Class C IP address originally used for small networks such as LAN. The first three bits of a class C IP address is always set to 111. Network consists of 24 bit ID and host ID so that the remaining 8 bits can be formed about 2 million networks with each network has 256 hosts.

* A class D IP address used for multicasting. The first 4 bits of the class D IP address is always set to 1110 so the first byte range between 224-247, while the next bit is set as required using the multicasting group IP address. In multicasting is not known the term network ID and host ID.

* E-class IP addresses are not intended for public use. The first 4 bits of the IP address class of 1111 is set so that the first byte ranges from 248-255. In addition the term also known as Network Prefix, which is used to designate the IP address is the network prefix jaringan.Penulisan with a slash "/" followed by numbers that indicate the network prefix length in bits. Eg to appoint a class B network 192.168.xxx.xxx used 192.168/16 writing. Number 16 is a bit long for the network prefix class B.

Type - type of Computer Networks

The computer network is a set of multiple computers and other devices that are connected to each other using certain rules. Based on the scope of its reach, the computer network can be divided into several types. Types of Computer Network is a LAN (Local Area Network), MAN (Metropolitan Area Network), WAN (Wide Area Network), Intranet and Internet. Here is a description of the Types of Computer Networks:
A. Local Area Network (LAN)
Commonly abbreviated as Local Area Network LAN is a computer network whose network covers only a small area, such as campus computer networks, buildings, offices, in homes, schools or smaller. Today, most LAN based on IEEE 802.3 Ethernet technology using the switch, which has a data transfer rate 10, 100, or 1000 Mbit / s. In addition to Ethernet technology, the current 802.11b technology (or so-called Wi-Fi) is also often used to form a LAN. Places that provide LAN connectivity with Wi-fi technology called hotspots.
On a LAN, each node or computer has the computing power itself, in contrast to the concept of terminal dump. Each computer can access resources on the LAN in accordance with the permissions that have been set. Resources can be data or a device like a printer. On a LAN, a user can also communicate with other users by using the appropriate application.
In contrast to Wide Area Networks or Wide Area Network (WAN), the LAN has the following characteristics:
1. Has a higher data rapidly2. Covers a narrower geographical region3. Does not require telecommunications lines leased from telecom operators
Usually one of the computers on the network computer will be used to manage all servers in the network system
2. Metropolitant Area Network (MAN)
Metropolitan area network, or abbreviated to MAN is a network in a city with high-speed data transfer, linking the various locations such as campuses, offices, government, and so forth. MAN network is a combination of several LAN. These range from MAN between 10 and 50 km, MAN is a network the right to build a network between the offices in the city of factories / establishments and headquarters within its range.
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
WAN stands for information technology terms in English: Wide Area Network is a computer network covering a large area as an example of the computer network between regions, cities or even countries, or can be defined as well as computer networks require routers and public communications channels.
WANs are used to connect a local network with other local networks, so users or computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations.
4. Intranet
Intranet is a network of specialized computer that is intended or can be accessed only by one party. For example: Telkom Telkom Pekanbaru and Jakarta.
5. Internet
Internet (interconnected-networking) is a computer network that covers the entire area of ​​the world (global) so everyone in this hemisphere can communicate and exchange data on the Internet.