History of Computers in the period is:
- Traditional tools and Calculator Calculate the Mechanical
- First Generation Computers
- Second Generation Computers
- Third Generation Computers
- Fourth Generation Computers
- Fifth Generation Computer
1. First generation computers (1946 - 1959)
With the onset of World War II, countries involved in the war sought to develop to exploit their potential strategic computer.
This increased funding for computer development projects hastened technical progress.
This increased funding for computer development projects hastened technical progress.
- Colassus
- Mark I
- ENIAC
- EDVAC
- UNIVAC I
The first generation of computer characteristics are:
- The use of vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time very large)
- The existence of magnetic cylinders for the storage of data.
- Operating instructions are made specifically for a particular task.
- Each computer has a different binary code program called "machine language" (machine language). This made the computer difficult to program and the speed limit.
2. Second Generation Computers (1959 - 1964)
Stretch and LARC
The first machine that utilizes this new technology is a supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery Rand called LARC. These computers, which were developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability much in demand by atomic scientists. The machine was very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting.
There are only two LARC ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other at the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC Second-generation computers replaced machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses singkatansingakatan to replace the binary code.
In the early 1960s, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, in universities and in government. This second generation of computers is a fully computer using transistors. They also have the components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and programs.
The characteristics of the computer in the second generation:
The first machine that utilizes this new technology is a supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery Rand called LARC. These computers, which were developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability much in demand by atomic scientists. The machine was very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting.
There are only two LARC ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other at the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC Second-generation computers replaced machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses singkatansingakatan to replace the binary code.
In the early 1960s, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, in universities and in government. This second generation of computers is a fully computer using transistors. They also have the components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and programs.
The characteristics of the computer in the second generation:
- The use of transistors so that the smaller size
- The development of memory intimagnetik second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than its predecessor
- Replacement of asembly language into machine language
- Appears COBOL and FORTRAN programming language
3. Third Generation Computers (1964 - 1970)
Although the transistor is in many ways the vacuum tube, but the transistor generates substantial heat, which could potentially damage the computer's internal bagianbagian. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components in a small silicon disc made of quartz sand.
Scientists later managed to fit more into a chiptunggal components are called semiconductors. The result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) that enables the machine to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.
The characteristics of a computer on the third generation:
Scientists later managed to fit more into a chiptunggal components are called semiconductors. The result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) that enables the machine to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.
The characteristics of a computer on the third generation:
- The use of IC (Intregrated Circuit)
- The size of computers to become smaller
- The discovery of the Operating System
4. Fourth Generation Computers (1979 - present)
After IC, the only place to go was down the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components onto one chip. In the 1980's, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components on a single chip. UltraLarge Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. The ability to put so many components in a chip that berukurang half pushing coins falling computer prices and sizes. It also increased power, efficiency and reliability.
Intel 4004 chip that was made in 1971 to bring progress to the IC by putting all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor could be manufactured and then programmed to meet all the requirements. Not long after, everyday household items like microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection incorporated microprocessors.
Such developments allow The people accustomed to using a regular computer. The computer is no longer a dominance of large firms or government agencies. At pertengahantahun 1970s, computer assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minicomputers, sold with the software package that is easy to use by the layman. The most popular software at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980s, such as the Atari 2600 video game consumer interest in home computers are more sophisticated and can be programmed.
In 1981, IBM introduced the use of the Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. Number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued evolution towards smaller sizes, from computers that are on the table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be put into bags (laptop), or even a computer that can be grasped (palmtop).
IBM PC to compete with the Apple Macintosh in the fight over the computer market. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the graphical system on his computer, while his rival was still using text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
At the present time, we know the way to the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPU made by Intel). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth-generation computers. Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, the way a new way to explore the potential to be developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, komputerkomputer can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other. Computer networks allow computers to form a single electronic collaboration to accomplish a task process. By using direct cabling (also called local area network, LAN), or telephone cable, the network can become very large.
The characteristics of a computer on the fourth generation:
Intel 4004 chip that was made in 1971 to bring progress to the IC by putting all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor could be manufactured and then programmed to meet all the requirements. Not long after, everyday household items like microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection incorporated microprocessors.
Such developments allow The people accustomed to using a regular computer. The computer is no longer a dominance of large firms or government agencies. At pertengahantahun 1970s, computer assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minicomputers, sold with the software package that is easy to use by the layman. The most popular software at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980s, such as the Atari 2600 video game consumer interest in home computers are more sophisticated and can be programmed.
In 1981, IBM introduced the use of the Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. Number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued evolution towards smaller sizes, from computers that are on the table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be put into bags (laptop), or even a computer that can be grasped (palmtop).
IBM PC to compete with the Apple Macintosh in the fight over the computer market. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the graphical system on his computer, while his rival was still using text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
At the present time, we know the way to the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPU made by Intel). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth-generation computers. Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, the way a new way to explore the potential to be developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, komputerkomputer can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other. Computer networks allow computers to form a single electronic collaboration to accomplish a task process. By using direct cabling (also called local area network, LAN), or telephone cable, the network can become very large.
The characteristics of a computer on the fourth generation:
- The use of LSI, VLSI, ULSI
- The use of microprocessors
Many advances in the field of computer design and technology increasingly allows the creation of a fifth-generation computers. Two engineering advances which are mainly parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the model of von Neumann. Von Neumann model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate a lot of CPU to work in unison. Another advance is superconductor technology that allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which in turn can accelerate the speed of information.
No comments:
Post a Comment